Network distribution system is important to oil, gas, electrical utilities because of its proximity to the ultimate customer and its high investment cost. The distribution system planning is necessary to fulfill the growing demand of oil, gas, water, electricity in an optimum way to make the techno-economic feasibility of the distribution system expansion. The planning of distribution networks is a continuous development process for the customer point of view; increase in load demand and in research and development.

Preparation of base map data requires with GIS data formats and spatial references (i.e. datums and coordinate systems/projections) so that all base map layers properly co-register and have adequate resolution. For base map data obtained from different sources, preparation may, for example, involve projecting datasets to a common spatial reference, defining a spatial reference for data that lack such, clipping to an area of interest and/or preparing derivative base map layers.

AM/FM as an integration of two most influential and totally organized application systems. These are basically differentiated on the basis of utility and urban facilities management. Automated mapping provides better digital map maintenance without any content destruction whereas Facilities management system is capable of sorting, manipulating, processing and reporting data and it even generates a digital representation of the network. Together, both of them combine with GIS to provide an innovative outlook for facilities management system

An integrated map of all utility services in a locale would facilitate better management of the road infrastructure and the utilities themselves. To meet this goal, there exists a need to integrate raster scans of paper maps into GIS by capturing the semantic relationships between the objects in the drawings.

Urban planning has been reviewed from the perspective of different philosophical, ideological and methodological approaches by planners, architects and social scientists. Enterprise/urban/decision support GIS Key data sources will be discussed and recommended for data conversion and/or creation. Suggestions will be provided on ways that the urban can incorporate a wide variety of data sources into its GIS. Main components are Coordination, Data Standards/Procedures, GIS Functionality, Public Service and Customer Relations, GIS Infrastructure, Data Creation, Conversion, Maintenance.

A map that displays the spatial distribution of an attribute that relates to a single topic, theme, or subject of discourse. Usually, a thematic map displays a single attribute such as soil type, vegetation, geology, land use, or landownership. Thematic maps are used to display geographical concepts such as density, distribution, relative magnitudes, gradients, spatial relationships and movements.

Soil surveyors consider the topographic variation as a base for depicting the soil variability. Even with the aerial photographs only physiographic variation in terms of slope and aspects and land Cover are being practiced for delineating the soil boundary. For mapping soil involves visual interpretation and/or computer aided digital image processing technique. These efficient powerful methods are for integration of soil–environmental knowledge and principles with the power of GIS under fuzzy logic.

GIS improves calculations for watershed characteristics, flow statistics, debris flow probability, and facilitates the watershed delineation by using Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). It provides a consistent method for watershed analysis using DEMs and standardized datasets such as land cover, soil properties, gauging station locations, and climate variables.